"To protect the device from voltages above VCC and below GND, the
AVR
has internal clamping diodes on the I/O pins. The diodes are connected
from the pins to VCC and GND and keep all input signals within the
AVR’s operating voltage.
Any voltage higher than VCC + 0.5V will be forced down to VCC + 0.5V
(0.5V is the voltage drop over the diode) and any voltage below GND -
0.5V will be forced up to GND - 0.5V.
By adding a large resistor in series, these diodes can be used to
convert a high voltage
sinus signal down to a low voltage square wave signal, with amplitude
within the AVR’s
operating voltage ± 0.5V. The diodes will thus clamp the high voltage
signal down to the
AVR’s operating voltage."
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