mal wieder ne Änfängerfrage: Strings

[jagdfalke]

Hi,
es geht darum, einige Werte ber UART auszugeben. Zur Ausgabe habe ich folgende Methoden:


void uart_out(char c) {
loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSRA, UDRE);
UDR = c;
}

void uart_puts(char *s) {
int len = strlen(s);
while(len--) {
loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSRA, UDRE);
UDR = *s;
s++;
}
}


Ich muss also z.B. einen String wie "<Variable>: <Wert>" ausgeben können, dazu muss ich ja nen String bauen, in den der Wert eingearbeitet ist. Nur wie mache ich das? Oder gibts ne besserer Methode das auszugeben?

mfg
jagdfalke

[tobimc]

Hi!

Versuch das mal mit strcpy und strcat oder mit sprintf
Das sind die C-standard-Funktionen für sowas.

Ich weis aber nicht, ob das der AVR-GCC unterstützt...

VLG Tobi

[jagdfalke]

Hi, ich habe jetzt mal das hier geschrieben:


char *s_pre = "Shoulder: ";
char *str = " ";
sprintf(str, "%d", shoulder_pos);
str = strcat(s_pre, strcat(str, "\n\r"));
uart_puts(str);


Es gibt schon einigermaßen das richtige aus, aber irgendwann siehts so aus:

Shoulder: 128
Shoulder: 128
130Shoulder: 128
130131Shoulder: 128
130131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131131131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131131131131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131131131131131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131131131131131131131Shoulder: 128
13013113.131131131131131131131131131Shoulder: 128

Die Methode, die das macht wird per timer interrupt ausgeführt. Ich habe aber am Anfang der Methode cli() und am Ende ein sei() stehn.

hier mal die komplette methode:


void keep_moving() {
cli();

//NEUE POSITIONEN AUSRECHNEN UND RUNDEN
shoulder_pos = (uint8_t)(shoulder_pos + shoulder_step);
elbow_pos = (uint8_t)(elbow_pos + elbow_step);

//POSITIONEN ÄNDERN
//move(1, shoulder_pos);
//move(2, shoulder_pos);
//move(3, elbow_pos);

char *s_pre = "Shoulder: ";
char *str = " ";
sprintf(str, "%d", shoulder_pos);
str = strcat(s_pre, strcat(str, "\n\r"));
uart_puts(str);

//WENN DIE POSITIONEN GERUNDET ÜBEREINSTIMMEN
//NEUBERECHNUNG DER STEPS ERLAUBEN UND NEUES ZIEL FÜR ELBOW SETZEN
if(shoulder_pos == shoulder_dest && elbow_pos == elbow_dest) {
recalc_flag = 1;
} else {
recalc_flag = 0;
}

servo_flag = 0;
sei();
}


mfg
jagdfalke

[SprinterSB]

Versuch mal so was.



char s_pre[] = "Shoulder: ";
char str[10];
sprintf (str, "%d", shoulder_pos);
uart_puts(s_pre);
uart_puts(str);
uart_puts("\n\r");


und mach dir den Unterschied klar zwischen
char *s = "foo";
char s[] = "foo";

anstatt sprintf ist effizienter itoa

und guckst du
https://www.roboternetz.de/phpBB2/zeigebeitrag.php?p=130591#130591

[jagdfalke]

kann du mir erklären was der unterschied ist?

Was mache ich wenn shoulder_pos ein float ?

mfg
jagdfalke

[skillii]

wenn schoulder_pos ein float ist kannst es z.B. so schreiben:

sprintf (str, "%f", shoulder_pos);

[jagdfalke]

dass habe ich schon probiert, es kommt aber

warning: format '%f' expects type 'double', but argument 3 has type 'float'

Ich bin mir aber sich, dass shoulder_pos float ist. Wenn ich schreibe

uint8_t shoulder_to_go = (uint8_t)shoulder_pos;
uint8_t elbow_to_go = (uint8_t)elbow_pos;
bleibt shoulder_pos ja float und wird nocht zum uint8_t oder?

hier mal das, was evtl. wichtig ist:


volatile uint8_t servo_flag = 0;
volatile uint8_t recalc_flag = 1;

volatile float shoulder_pos = 127.0;
volatile uint8_t shoulder_dest = 255;
volatile float shoulder_step = 0;

volatile float elbow_pos = 127.0;
volatile uint8_t elbow_dest = 1;
volatile float elbow_step = 0;

int main (void) {

/* UART AN UND TIMEREINSTELLEN ... */

sei();


while(1)
{
if(recalc_flag == 1) {
calc_steps();
}
if(servo_flag == 1) {
keep_moving();
}
}
return 0;
}

void keep_moving() {
cli();

//NEUE POSITIONEN AUSRECHNE
shoulder_pos = shoulder_pos + shoulder_step;
elbow_pos = elbow_pos + elbow_step;

uint8_t shoulder_to_go = (uint8_t)shoulder_pos;
uint8_t elbow_to_go = (uint8_t)elbow_pos;


//AUSGABE
char s_pre[] = "Shoulder: ";
char str[10];
sprintf (str, "%f", shoulder_pos);
uart_puts(s_pre);
uart_puts(str);
uart_puts("\n\r");

//WENN DIE POSITIONEN GERUNDET ÜBEREINSTIMMEN
//NEUBERECHNUNG DER STEPS ERLAUBEN UND NEUES ZIEL FÜR ELBOW SETZEN
if(shoulder_pos == shoulder_dest && elbow_pos == elbow_dest) {
recalc_flag = 1;
uart_puts("ERREICHT!!!!!!!!!!!");
} else {
recalc_flag = 0;
}

servo_flag = 0;
sei();
}


void calc_steps(void) {
//BERECHNEN WIE VIEL SICH DIE SERVOS BEWEGEN MÜSSEN*
uint16_t shoulder_to_go = shoulder_dest - shoulder_pos;
uint16_t elbow_to_go = elbow_dest - elbow_pos;

//HIER ALS ABSOLUTE WERTE
int16_t shoulder_abs = abs(shoulder_to_go);
int16_t elbow_abs = abs(elbow_to_go);

//STEP ERSTMAL AUF +/- 1 SETZEN, JE NACH RICHTUNG
elbow_step = signum(elbow_to_go);
shoulder_step = signum(shoulder_to_go);


if(elbow_abs < shoulder_abs) {
elbow_step = 1 * signum(elbow_to_go);
shoulder_step = (shoulder_abs / elbow_abs) * signum(shoulder_to_go);
}
if(elbow_abs > shoulder_abs) {
shoulder_step = 1 * signum(shoulder_to_go);
elbow_step = elbow_abs / shoulder_abs * signum(shoulder_to_go);
}

}

SIGNAL (SIG_OVERFLOW0){
servo_flag = 1;
}



mfg
jagdfalke

[SprinterSB]

Den Unterschied sieht man am besten am erzeugten Code:


char *foo1 = "Text1";
char foo2[] = "Text2";

void bar (char*);

void inc()
{
foo1[1] = 11;
bar (foo1);

foo2[1] = 22;
bar (foo2);
}

-------------------------------------------------------

.size foo2, 6
foo2:
.string "Text2"

.LC0:
.string "Text1"

.size foo1, 2
foo1:
.word .LC0

inc:
;; foo1[1] = 11;
lds r30,foo1
lds r31,(foo1)+1
ldi r24,lo8(11)
std Z+1,r24

;; bar (foo1);
lds r24,foo1
lds r25,(foo1)+1
rcall bar

;; foo2[1] = 22;
ldi r24,lo8(22)
sts foo2+1,r24

;; bar (foo2);
ldi r24,lo8(foo2)
ldi r25,hi8(foo2)
rcall bar

ret


foo1 enthält nur die Adresse des Strings "Text1"
foo2 iat der Anfang des Speicherbereichs, der mit "Text2" initialisiert wird.

Dementsprechend sehen Zugriff und Adressbildung auch anders aus.

Beide sind vom Typ char*, aber während foo1++ ok ist, gibt foo2++ einen Fehler.

[skillii]

bleibt shoulder_pos ja float und wird nocht zum uint8_t oder?
Ja shoulder_pos bleibt float


aber wegen dem Problem format '%f' expects type 'double'...
ich habe bis jetzt bei printf mit floats immer %f verwendet (allerdings nur am PC und nicht am µC!!!)

probier vielleicht einmal statt %f, %g oder %e

[skillii]

zur Not könntest du es auch so schreiben:

sprintf (str,"%f",(double)shoulder_pos);

es gibt aber bestimmt noch eine elegantere Methode ...

[jagdfalke]

es kommen immer nur Fragezeichen statt der Zahl, egal ob ich %f, %g, %e mach oder %f und auf double caste.

@SprinterSB:
Macht es was, wenn ich von dem Code unter den "--------------" nichts check?

mfg
jagdfalke

[SprinterSB]

SCHau mal in die Doku zu der avr-libc, ist bei WinAVR dabei unter

./doc/avr-libc/....

char* dtostre (double val, char * s, unsigned char prec, unsigned char flags)

The dtostre() function converts the double value passed in val into an ASCII representation that will be stored under s. The caller is responsible for providing sufficient storage in s.

Hast du genug Speicher?

double-Routinen sind ziemlich die Hölle für RAM (und Flash)

[jagdfalke]

ka ob ich genug ram hab. weiß ja auch net wieviel das braucht. Gibts denn nen Garbage-Collector? Zur Not kann ich da das double irgendwie auf 2 Stellen nach dem Komma kürzen.

jagdfalke

[jagdfalke]

So jetzt hab ich seit langem mal wieder etwas Zeit gehabt. Ich finde nichts über dtostre :( Per "man dtostre" kommt nix und das Verzeichnus avr-libc finde ich auch nicht :(
Meine binaries sind in /usr/local/avr/bin, da irgendwo muss auch dieses Verzeichnis sein oder? Aber ich konnte es nicht finden. Und ohne genauere Beschreibung kann ich mir den Parametern nix anfangen.

mfg
jagdfalke

[jagdfalke]

Weiß niemand, wie ich den Wert ausgeben kann? Brauch das zum debugging weil mein Code nicht ganz funzt.

[skillii]

ich setz mich mal hin und probiers einmal, vielleicht schaffe ich es ja ...

[skillii]

Ich glaube ich habe deinen Fehler gefunden.

er liegt vermutlich im Makefile:
suche einmal die Stelle wo PRINTF_LIB steht.

ich habe es auf,


PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT)

, umändern müssen, sodass es funktioniert hat ...

mfg skillii

[jagdfalke]

bei mir steht das garnich. Ich glaub mein makefile ist schlecht (nicht selber geschrieben).
Hier ist es mal:

makefile:


# makefile, written by guido socher
MCU=atmega32
CC=avr-gcc
OBJCOPY=avr-objcopy
# optimize for size:
CFLAGS=-g -mmcu=$(MCU) -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues
#-------------------
all: test.hex
#-------------------
help:
@echo "Usage: make all|load|load_pre|rdfuses|wrfuse1mhz|wrfuse4mhz|wr fusecrystal"
@echo "Warning: you will not be able to undo wrfusecrystal unless you connect an"
@echo " external crystal! uC is dead after wrfusecrystal if you do not"
@echo " have an external crystal."
#-------------------
test.hex : test.out
$(OBJCOPY) -R .eeprom -O ihex test.out test.hex
test.out : test.o
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o test.out -Wl,-Map,test.map test.o
test.o : test.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -Os -c test.c
#------------------
load: test.hex
./prg_load_uc test.hex
# here is a pre-compiled version in case you have trouble with
# your development environment
load_pre: test_pre.hex
./prg_load_uc test.hex
#
loaduisp: test.hex
./prg_load_uc -u test.hex
# here is a pre-compiled version in case you have trouble with
# your development environment
load_preuisp: test_pre.hex
./prg_load_uc -u test.hex
#-------------------
# fuse byte settings:
# Atmel AVR ATmega8
# Fuse Low Byte = 0xe1 (1MHz internal), 0xe3 (4MHz internal), 0xe4 (8MHz internal)
# Fuse High Byte = 0xd9
# Factory default is 0xe1 for low byte and 0xd9 for high byte
# Check this with make rdfuses
rdfuses:
./prg_fusebit_uc -r
# use internal RC oscillator 1 Mhz
wrfuse1mhz:
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 1
# use internal RC oscillator 4 Mhz
wrfuse4mhz:
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 4
# use external 3-8 Mhz crystal
# Warning: you can not reset this to intenal unless you connect a crystal!!
wrfusecrystal:
@echo "Warning: The external crystal setting can not be changed back without a working crystal"
@echo " You have 3 seconds to abort this with crtl-c"
@sleep 3
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 0
#-------------------
clean:
rm -f *.o *.map *.out *t.hex
#-------------------


prg_load_uc


#!/bin/sh
prg="adude"
if [ "$1" = "-u" ]; then
shift;
prg="uisp"
fi
if [ -z "$1" -o "$1" = "-h" -o "$1" = "--help" ]; then
echo "prg_load_uc -- load a .hex file into a atmega8 microcontroller"
echo ""
echo "Usage: prg_load_uc [-hu] File.hex"
echo ""
echo "OPTIONS: -h this help"
echo " -u use uisp instead of avrdude"
echo " avrdude can automatically detect dapa or avrusb500."
echo " uisp can only be used with the parallel port dapa."
echo ""
echo "This script can be easily adapted to different programmer types"
exit 0
fi
pfile="$1"

if [ "$prg" = "uisp" ]; then
set -x
uisp -dlpt=/dev/parport0 --erase -dprog=dapa
uisp -dlpt=/dev/parport0 --upload if="$pfile" -dprog=dapa -v=3 --hash=32 --verify
set +x
fi
if [ "$prg" = "adude" ]; then
if grep "Vendor=0403 ProdID=6001" /proc/bus/usb/devices > /dev/null ; then
set -x
avrdude -p m32 -c avrusb500 -e -U flash:w:"$pfile"
set +x
else
set -x
avrdude -p atmega32 -c stk200 -e -U flash:w:"$pfile"
set +x
fi
fi



Kannst du mir mal deins posten?

mfg
jagdfalke

[skillii]

Ich habe mein Makefile mit dem Programm "Makefile" generiert:


# Hey Emacs, this is a -*- makefile -*-
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WinAVR Makefile Template written by Eric B. Weddington, Jörg Wunsch, et al.
#
# Released to the Public Domain
#
# Additional material for this makefile was written by:
# Peter Fleury
# Tim Henigan
# Colin O'Flynn
# Reiner Patommel
# Markus Pfaff
# Sander Pool
# Frederik Rouleau
#
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# On command line:
#
# make all = Make software.
#
# make clean = Clean out built project files.
#
# make coff = Convert ELF to AVR COFF.
#
# make extcoff = Convert ELF to AVR Extended COFF.
#
# make program = Download the hex file to the device, using avrdude.
# Please customize the avrdude settings below first!
#
# make debug = Start either simulavr or avarice as specified for debugging,
# with avr-gdb or avr-insight as the front end for debugging.
#
# make filename.s = Just compile filename.c into the assembler code only.
#
# make filename.i = Create a preprocessed source file for use in submitting
# bug reports to the GCC project.
#
# To rebuild project do "make clean" then "make all".
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------


# MCU name
MCU = atmega8


# Processor frequency.
# This will define a symbol, F_CPU, in all source code files equal to the
# processor frequency. You can then use this symbol in your source code to
# calculate timings. Do NOT tack on a 'UL' at the end, this will be done
# automatically to create a 32-bit value in your source code.
F_CPU = 3686400


# Output format. (can be srec, ihex, binary)
FORMAT = ihex


# Target file name (without extension).
TARGET = main


# List C source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)
SRC = $(TARGET).c


# List Assembler source files here.
# Make them always end in a capital .S. Files ending in a lowercase .s
# will not be considered source files but generated files (assembler
# output from the compiler), and will be deleted upon "make clean"!
# Even though the DOS/Win* filesystem matches both .s and .S the same,
# it will preserve the spelling of the filenames, and gcc itself does
# care about how the name is spelled on its command-line.
ASRC =


# Optimization level, can be [0, 1, 2, 3, s].
# 0 = turn off optimization. s = optimize for size.
# (Note: 3 is not always the best optimization level. See avr-libc FAQ.)
OPT = s


# Debugging format.
# Native formats for AVR-GCC's -g are dwarf-2 [default] or stabs.
# AVR Studio 4.10 requires dwarf-2.
# AVR [Extended] COFF format requires stabs, plus an avr-objcopy run.
DEBUG = dwarf-2


# List any extra directories to look for include files here.
# Each directory must be seperated by a space.
# Use forward slashes for directory separators.
# For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.
EXTRAINCDIRS =


# Compiler flag to set the C Standard level.
# c89 = "ANSI" C
# gnu89 = c89 plus GCC extensions
# c99 = ISO C99 standard (not yet fully implemented)
# gnu99 = c99 plus GCC extensions
CSTANDARD = -std=gnu99


# Place -D or -U options here
CDEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL


# Place -I options here
CINCS =



#---------------- Compiler Options ----------------
# -g*: generate debugging information
# -O*: optimization level
# -f...: tuning, see GCC manual and avr-libc documentation
# -Wall...: warning level
# -Wa,...: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
# -adhlns...: create assembler listing
CFLAGS = -g$(DEBUG)
CFLAGS += $(CDEFS) $(CINCS)
CFLAGS += -O$(OPT)
CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums
CFLAGS += -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes
CFLAGS += -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:.c=.lst)
CFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))
CFLAGS += $(CSTANDARD)


#---------------- Assembler Options ----------------
# -Wa,...: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
# -ahlms: create listing
# -gstabs: have the assembler create line number information; note that
# for use in COFF files, additional information about filenames
# and function names needs to be present in the assembler source
# files -- see avr-libc docs [FIXME: not yet described there]
ASFLAGS = -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:.S=.lst),-gstabs


#---------------- Library Options ----------------
# Minimalistic printf version
PRINTF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min

# Floating point printf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard printf version.
PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT)
#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_MIN)
#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT)


# Minimalistic scanf version
SCANF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_min

# Floating point + %[ scanf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
SCANF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard scanf version.
SCANF_LIB =
#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_MIN)
#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_FLOAT)


MATH_LIB = -lm



#---------------- External Memory Options ----------------

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
# used for variables (.data/.bss) and heap (malloc()).
#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,-Tdata=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
# only used for heap (malloc()).
#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,--defsym=__heap_start=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

EXTMEMOPTS =



#---------------- Linker Options ----------------
# -Wl,...: tell GCC to pass this to linker.
# -Map: create map file
# --cref: add cross reference to map file
LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map=$(TARGET).map,--cref
LDFLAGS += $(EXTMEMOPTS)
LDFLAGS += $(PRINTF_LIB) $(SCANF_LIB) $(MATH_LIB)



#---------------- Programming Options (avrdude) ----------------

# Programming hardware: alf avr910 avrisp bascom bsd
# dt006 pavr picoweb pony-stk200 sp12 stk200 stk500
#
# Type: avrdude -c ?
# to get a full listing.
#
AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = sp12

# com1 = serial port. Use lpt1 to connect to parallel port.
AVRDUDE_PORT = lpt1

AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U flash:w:$(TARGET).hex
#AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM = -U eeprom:w:$(TARGET).eep


# Uncomment the following if you want avrdude's erase cycle counter.
# Note that this counter needs to be initialized first using -Yn,
# see avrdude manual.
#AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER = -y

# Uncomment the following if you do /not/ wish a verification to be
# performed after programming the device.
#AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY = -V

# Increase verbosity level. Please use this when submitting bug
# reports about avrdude. See <http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude>
# to submit bug reports.
#AVRDUDE_VERBOSE = -v -v

AVRDUDE_FLAGS = -p $(MCU) -P $(AVRDUDE_PORT) -c $(AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_VERBOSE)
AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER)



#---------------- Debugging Options ----------------

# For simulavr only - target MCU frequency.
DEBUG_MFREQ = $(F_CPU)

# Set the DEBUG_UI to either gdb or insight.
# DEBUG_UI = gdb
DEBUG_UI = insight

# Set the debugging back-end to either avarice, simulavr.
DEBUG_BACKEND = avarice
#DEBUG_BACKEND = simulavr

# GDB Init Filename.
GDBINIT_FILE = __avr_gdbinit

# When using avarice settings for the JTAG
JTAG_DEV = /dev/com1

# Debugging port used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr.
DEBUG_PORT = 4242

# Debugging host used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr, normally
# just set to localhost unless doing some sort of crazy debugging when
# avarice is running on a different computer.
DEBUG_HOST = localhost



#================================================= ===========================


# Define programs and commands.
SHELL = sh
CC = avr-gcc
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
SIZE = avr-size
NM = avr-nm
AVRDUDE = avrdude
REMOVE = rm -f
COPY = cp
WINSHELL = cmd


# Define Messages
# English
MSG_ERRORS_NONE = Errors: none
MSG_BEGIN = -------- begin --------
MSG_END = -------- end --------
MSG_SIZE_BEFORE = Size before:
MSG_SIZE_AFTER = Size after:
MSG_COFF = Converting to AVR COFF:
MSG_EXTENDED_COFF = Converting to AVR Extended COFF:
MSG_FLASH = Creating load file for Flash:
MSG_EEPROM = Creating load file for EEPROM:
MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING = Creating Extended Listing:
MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE = Creating Symbol Table:
MSG_LINKING = Linking:
MSG_COMPILING = Compiling:
MSG_ASSEMBLING = Assembling:
MSG_CLEANING = Cleaning project:




# Define all object files.
OBJ = $(SRC:.c=.o) $(ASRC:.S=.o)

# Define all listing files.
LST = $(SRC:.c=.lst) $(ASRC:.S=.lst)


# Compiler flags to generate dependency files.
GENDEPFLAGS = -MD -MP -MF .dep/$(@F).d


# Combine all necessary flags and optional flags.
# Add target processor to flags.
ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $(GENDEPFLAGS)
ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)





# Default target.
all: begin gccversion sizebefore build sizeafter end

build: elf hex eep lss sym

elf: $(TARGET).elf
hex: $(TARGET).hex
eep: $(TARGET).eep
lss: $(TARGET).lss
sym: $(TARGET).sym



# Eye candy.
# AVR Studio 3.x does not check make's exit code but relies on
# the following magic strings to be generated by the compile job.
begin:
@echo
@echo $(MSG_BEGIN)

end:
@echo $(MSG_END)
@echo


# Display size of file.
HEXSIZE = $(SIZE) --target=$(FORMAT) $(TARGET).hex
ELFSIZE = $(SIZE) -A $(TARGET).elf
AVRMEM = avr-mem.sh $(TARGET).elf $(MCU)

sizebefore:
@if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_BEFORE); $(ELFSIZE); \
$(AVRMEM) 2>/dev/null; echo; fi

sizeafter:
@if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_AFTER); $(ELFSIZE); \
$(AVRMEM) 2>/dev/null; echo; fi



# Display compiler version information.
gccversion :
@$(CC) --version



# Program the device.
program: $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).eep
$(AVRDUDE) $(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)


# Generate avr-gdb config/init file which does the following:
# define the reset signal, load the target file, connect to target, and set
# a breakpoint at main().
gdb-config:
@$(REMOVE) $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo define reset >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo SIGNAL SIGHUP >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo end >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo file $(TARGET).elf >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
@echo target remote $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT) >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND),simulavr)
@echo load >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
endif
@echo break main >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

debug: gdb-config $(TARGET).elf
ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND), avarice)
@echo Starting AVaRICE - Press enter when "waiting to connect" message displays.
@$(WINSHELL) /c start avarice --jtag $(JTAG_DEV) --erase --program --file \
$(TARGET).elf $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT)
@$(WINSHELL) /c pause

else
@$(WINSHELL) /c start simulavr --gdbserver --device $(MCU) --clock-freq \
$(DEBUG_MFREQ) --port $(DEBUG_PORT)
endif
@$(WINSHELL) /c start avr-$(DEBUG_UI) --command=$(GDBINIT_FILE)




# Convert ELF to COFF for use in debugging / simulating in AVR Studio or VMLAB.
COFFCONVERT=$(OBJCOPY) --debugging \
--change-section-address .data-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .bss-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .noinit-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000


coff: $(TARGET).elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-avr $< $(TARGET).cof


extcoff: $(TARGET).elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-ext-avr $< $(TARGET).cof



# Create final output files (.hex, .eep) from ELF output file.
%.hex: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_FLASH) $@
$(OBJCOPY) -O $(FORMAT) -R .eeprom $< $@

%.eep: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_EEPROM) $@
-$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom="alloc,load" \
--change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O $(FORMAT) $< $@

# Create extended listing file from ELF output file.
%.lss: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING) $@
$(OBJDUMP) -h -S $< > $@

# Create a symbol table from ELF output file.
%.sym: %.elf
@echo
@echo $(MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE) $@
$(NM) -n $< > $@



# Link: create ELF output file from object files.
.SECONDARY : $(TARGET).elf
.PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)
%.elf: $(OBJ)
@echo
@echo $(MSG_LINKING) $@
$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $^ --output $@ $(LDFLAGS)


# Compile: create object files from C source files.
%.o : %.c
@echo
@echo $(MSG_COMPILING) $<
$(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@


# Compile: create assembler files from C source files.
%.s : %.c
$(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@


# Assemble: create object files from assembler source files.
%.o : %.S
@echo
@echo $(MSG_ASSEMBLING) $<
$(CC) -c $(ALL_ASFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Create preprocessed source for use in sending a bug report.
%.i : %.c
$(CC) -E -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@


# Target: clean project.
clean: begin clean_list end

clean_list :
@echo
@echo $(MSG_CLEANING)
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).hex
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).eep
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).cof
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).elf
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).map
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).sym
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).lss
$(REMOVE) $(OBJ)
$(REMOVE) $(LST)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.s)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.d)
$(REMOVE) .dep/*



# Include the dependency files.
-include $(shell mkdir .dep 2>/dev/null) $(wildcard .dep/*)


# Listing of phony targets.
.PHONY : all begin finish end sizebefore sizeafter gccversion \
build elf hex eep lss sym coff extcoff \
clean clean_list program debug gdb-config

[jagdfalke]

also da kommt bei mir immer "missing operator". egal was ich mache: "make all" oder "make clean" usw.

[skillii]

hmmm ... ehrlich gesagt keine Ahnung ...

du verwendest ja Linux wie ich sehe ...
vielleicht gibt es da auch so ein Tool Makefile, welches dir ein Makefile generiert...
unter Windows schaut der Aufruf folgend aus:
"C:\Programme\WinAVR\bin\wish84.exe mfile.tcl"

[jagdfalke]

hmm, dann schick mir doch mal den code der bei dir funktioniert. vielleicht hab ich da auch einfach was falsh gemacht.

[skillii]

#include <stdio.h>
#include <avr/io.h>


int PutChar(char c);

int main(void)
{
float test=5.3;


// USART initialization
// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity
// USART Receiver: Off
// USART Transmitter: On
// USART Mode: Asynchronous
// USART Baud rate: 9600

UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=0x08;
UCSRC=0x86;
UBRRH=0x00;
UBRRL=0x17;


fdevopen(PutChar,NULL,0);
while(1)
{
printf("%f\n\r",test);
}
return 0;
}


int PutChar(char c)
{
while ( !( UCSRA & (1<<UDRE)) );
UDR=c;
return 0;
}

[jagdfalke]

also bei deinem Code kommt bei mir erstmal die Meldung:


test.c: In function 'main':
test.c:29: warning: format '%f' expects type 'double', but argument 2 has type 'float'


mfg
jagdfalke

[skillii]

Ist eh nur eine warning ...
ist vielleicht besser wenn du es so schreibst:
printf("%f\n\r",(double)test);

bei mir hat es auch ohne den cast nach double funktioniert, ist mit ist es bestimmt sauberer....

[jagdfalke]

nagut, jetzt gehts das schon mal. der output is aber das hier:


..�F.y F.<�.<.f.<�.<�.y F.<�.<.f.<�.<�.y F.<�.<.f.y F.<�.y f.<�.<.f.y

[skillii]

das sieht nach einem Baudratenfehler aus.

hast du mein Programm verwendet?
wenn ja, musst du das Programm noch an deinen Quarz anpassen!

die Initialisierung der seriellen Schnittstelle kannst du eh von deinem alten Programm übernehmen ...

[jagdfalke]

Hmm, jetzt kommt wieder das schöne "?":

Ausschnitt aus der Konsole:


?
?
?
?
?

Meint ihr es kann an minicom liegen?


Hier der komplette Code (ich poste den immer mal wieder damit man sich nicht immer durch die Posts wühlen muss um den aktuellen zu finden)


#define F_CPU 8000000
#define BAUD_RATE 9600

#include <stdio.h>
#include <avr/io.h>


int PutChar(char c);
void uart_init(int tx, int rx);

int main(void)
{
float test=5.3;

uart_init(1, 0);

fdevopen(PutChar,NULL,0);
while(1)
{
printf("%f\n\r", (double)test);
}
return 0;
}


int PutChar(char c)
{
while ( !( UCSRA & (1<<UDRE)) );
UDR=c;
return 0;
}
void uart_init(int tx, int rx) {
UBRRL = (F_CPU/(BAUD_RATE*16l)-1);
if(tx == 1) {
UCSRB |= (1<<TXEN);
}
if(rx == 1) {
UCSRB |= (1<<RXEN);
}
}

[skillii]

versuch es nocheinmal so:


#include <stdio.h>
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


int PutChar(char c);

int main(void)
{
float test=5.3;
char str[20];

// USART initialization
// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity
// USART Receiver: Off
// USART Transmitter: On
// USART Mode: Asynchronous
// USART Baud rate: 9600

UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=0x08;
UCSRC=0x86;
UBRRH=0x00;
UBRRL=0x17;

fdevopen(PutChar,NULL,0);
while(1)
{
dtostrf(test,0,2,str);
printf("%s\n\r",str);
}
return 0;
}


int PutChar(char c)
{
while ( !( UCSRA & (1<<UDRE)) );
UDR=c;
return 0;
}


natürlich musst du wieder die Baudrate bzw. Quarzfrequenz anpassen ...

[jagdfalke]

test.o: In function `main':
/home/mathias/makefile und load/roboterarm steuerung/test.c:21: undefined refere nce to `dtostrf'

Wo kommt denn dieses dtostrf her? In meinen manpages steht auch nix darüber :(

mfg
jagdfalke

[skillii]

hmmm...
bei mir ist es in stdlib drin!

welche Version von gcc hast du?

[skillii]

sry hab gerade was falsches geschrieben ... dtostre ist nicht in stdlib drin...

habe gerade folgendes gefunden:


Note that these functions are not located in the default library, libc.a, but in the
mathematical library, libm.a. So when linking the application, the -lm option needs
to be specified.

[jagdfalke]

Das hatten wir irgendwann schonmal aber es wurde glaube ich nicht geklärt wo dieses "-lm" hin muss. Um ehrlich zu sein: Ich habe keine Ahnung was "linken" überhaupt ist.

mfg
jagdfalke

[skillii]

versuch einmal in deinem Makefile an die folgende Zeile " -lm" anhängen:
CFLAGS=-g -mmcu=$(MCU) -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues

zu der Frage was Linken überhaupt ist:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker_%28Programm%29

[jagdfalke]

immernoch das hier:


inux:/home/mathias/makefile und load/roboterarm steuerung # make
avr-gcc -g -mmcu=atmega32 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues -lm -Os -c test.c
test.c:42:2: warning: no newline at end of file
avr-gcc: -lm: linker input file unused because linking not done
avr-gcc -g -mmcu=atmega32 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues -lm -o test.out -Wl,-Map,test.map test.o
test.o: In function `main':
/home/mathias/makefile und load/roboterarm steuerung/test.c:21: undefined reference to `dtostrf'
make: *** [test.out] Fehler 1


werd mir das mal durchlesen im wiki.

thx
jagdfalke

[skillii]

Funktionierts wenn du das -lm an die folgende Zeile anhängst??


$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -Os -c test.c

[jagdfalke]

nee, aber wenigstens hat sich die Fehlermeldung schon mal geändert:


linux:/home/mathias/makefile und load/roboterarm steuerung # make
avr-gcc -g -mmcu=atmega32 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues -lm -Os -c test.c -lm
test.c:42:2: warning: no newline at end of file
avr-gcc: -lm: linker input file unused because linking not done
avr-gcc: -lm: linker input file unused because linking not done
avr-gcc -g -mmcu=atmega32 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues -lm -o test.out -Wl,-Map,test.map test.o
test.o: In function `main':
/home/mathias/makefile und load/roboterarm steuerung/test.c:21: undefined reference to `dtostrf'
make: *** [test.out] Fehler 1

[jagdfalke]

nee hatse eigentlich nicht. liegt daran, dass ich das andere lm nicht entfernt hab :D

[skillii]

Dann müsste es hoffendlich so funktionieren, wenn du "-lm" an die Zeile


$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o test.out -Wl,-Map,test.map test.o

anhängst und die andern -lm die du vorher angehängt hast wieder entfernst ...

[jagdfalke]

also mit diesem makefile:


# makefile, written by guido socher
MCU=atmega32
CC=avr-gcc
OBJCOPY=avr-objcopy
# optimize for size:
CFLAGS=-g -mmcu=$(MCU) -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues
#-------------------
all: test.hex
#-------------------
help:
@echo "Usage: make all|load|load_pre|rdfuses|wrfuse1mhz|wrfuse4mhz|wr fusecrystal"
@echo "Warning: you will not be able to undo wrfusecrystal unless you connect an"
@echo " external crystal! uC is dead after wrfusecrystal if you do not"
@echo " have an external crystal."
#-------------------
test.hex : test.out
$(OBJCOPY) -R .eeprom -O ihex test.out test.hex
test.out : test.o
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o test.out -Wl,-Map,test.map test.o
test.o : test.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -Os -c test.c -lm
#------------------
load: test.hex
./prg_load_uc test.hex
# here is a pre-compiled version in case you have trouble with
# your development environment
load_pre: test_pre.hex
./prg_load_uc test.hex
#
loaduisp: test.hex
./prg_load_uc -u test.hex
# here is a pre-compiled version in case you have trouble with
# your development environment
load_preuisp: test_pre.hex
./prg_load_uc -u test.hex
#-------------------
# fuse byte settings:
# Atmel AVR ATmega8
# Fuse Low Byte = 0xe1 (1MHz internal), 0xe3 (4MHz internal), 0xe4 (8MHz internal)
# Fuse High Byte = 0xd9
# Factory default is 0xe1 for low byte and 0xd9 for high byte
# Check this with make rdfuses
rdfuses:
./prg_fusebit_uc -r
# use internal RC oscillator 1 Mhz
wrfuse1mhz:
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 1
# use internal RC oscillator 4 Mhz
wrfuse4mhz:
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 4
# use external 3-8 Mhz crystal
# Warning: you can not reset this to intenal unless you connect a crystal!!
wrfusecrystal:
@echo "Warning: The external crystal setting can not be changed back without a working crystal"
@echo " You have 3 seconds to abort this with crtl-c"
@sleep 3
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 0
#-------------------
clean:
rm -f *.o *.map *.out *t.hex
#-------------------



kommt diese Fehlermeldung:


linux:/home/mathias/makefile und load/roboterarm steuerung # make
avr-gcc -g -mmcu=atmega32 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues -o test.out -Wl,-Map,test.map test.o
test.o: In function `main':
/home/mathias/makefile und load/roboterarm steuerung/test.c:21: undefined reference to `dtostrf'
make: *** [test.out] Fehler 1


es hat sich also nichts geändert, egal wo ich "-lm" hinzufüge oder weglasse :(

mfg
jagdfalke

[skillii]

gehts so nicht?



# makefile, written by guido socher
MCU=atmega32
CC=avr-gcc
OBJCOPY=avr-objcopy
# optimize for size:
CFLAGS=-g -mmcu=$(MCU) -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Os -mcall-prologues
#-------------------
all: test.hex
#-------------------
help:
@echo "Usage: make all|load|load_pre|rdfuses|wrfuse1mhz|wrfuse4mhz|wr fusecrystal"
@echo "Warning: you will not be able to undo wrfusecrystal unless you connect an"
@echo " external crystal! uC is dead after wrfusecrystal if you do not"
@echo " have an external crystal."
#-------------------
test.hex : test.out
$(OBJCOPY) -R .eeprom -O ihex test.out test.hex
test.out : test.o
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o test.out -Wl,-Map,test.map test.o -lm
test.o : test.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -Os -c test.c
#------------------
load: test.hex
./prg_load_uc test.hex
# here is a pre-compiled version in case you have trouble with
# your development environment
load_pre: test_pre.hex
./prg_load_uc test.hex
#
loaduisp: test.hex
./prg_load_uc -u test.hex
# here is a pre-compiled version in case you have trouble with
# your development environment
load_preuisp: test_pre.hex
./prg_load_uc -u test.hex
#-------------------
# fuse byte settings:
# Atmel AVR ATmega8
# Fuse Low Byte = 0xe1 (1MHz internal), 0xe3 (4MHz internal), 0xe4 (8MHz internal)
# Fuse High Byte = 0xd9
# Factory default is 0xe1 for low byte and 0xd9 for high byte
# Check this with make rdfuses
rdfuses:
./prg_fusebit_uc -r
# use internal RC oscillator 1 Mhz
wrfuse1mhz:
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 1
# use internal RC oscillator 4 Mhz
wrfuse4mhz:
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 4
# use external 3-8 Mhz crystal
# Warning: you can not reset this to intenal unless you connect a crystal!!
wrfusecrystal:
@echo "Warning: The external crystal setting can not be changed back without a working crystal"
@echo " You have 3 seconds to abort this with crtl-c"
@sleep 3
./prg_fusebit_uc -w 0
#-------------------
clean:
rm -f *.o *.map *.out *t.hex
#-------------------

[jagdfalke]

JUHUUUUUUU! Jetzt gehts. Du hast mir aber vorhin die falsche Zeile gesagt an die ich das anhängen soll. Du hast die darunter angegeben.
neja, das wäre jetzt jedefalls gelöst.

Danke für die Mühe und die Ausdauer !!!

mfg
jagdfalke

[skillii]

na Endlich! :D